Company Metadata and Master Data Management

Company Metadata and Master Data Management Metadata is a type of data that is factual and that acts as extra information through which organizational data is presented. The data is concealed in a document, attached and created in a computer file. It can take the form of revised history and comments between a document and the editors such as in the case of word processing in Microsoft Word. Metadata can be described in terms of how data is formatted.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Company Metadata and Master Data Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is divided into two; structured and descriptive metadata. Structured metadata involves the plan and pattern of data structures, while descriptive metadata is where an individual creates data content. Metadata can be used in describing digital data in a specific discipline, and by relating the information and the context of the data files (Baca, 2008). There are various security issues related to metadata. One such issue is the possibility of information leakage, an aspect that could easily damage an organization. A patient or any other unauthorized personnel may, for example, illegally access a patient’s health information and that related to other sensitive details, a situation that is not only harmful to the client, but to the hospital as well. To prevent leakage of such information, there is need to use data loss and leakage prevention technologies. This is the easiest way of ensuring that data stored is kept safe and confidential (Baca, 2008). Data Loss prevention is widely known for closely monitoring endpoints, networks and data sources for accidental outflow of susceptible information. Metadata can be integrated in several ways. An organization can, for example, start by evaluating where priorities exist like in terms of the various stakeholders involved through data integration. Additionally, the BI Metadata Repository Manager system can be used to come up w ith a write protect documents that gives access to other links online where one can get a document in a HTML format, based on metadata. Another way in which metadata can be integrated is in corporate metadata that assists in saving time and money while creating metadata. This method increases the quality of information delivered from data warehouse to business users, and leads to better decisions being made based on the information provided (Vitt, Luckevich Misner, 2005).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Master Data Management Master data management is a situation where data is spread across systems such as lists and hierarchies of customers, suppliers, accounts and organizational units that organize and identify transactional data (Morris Vesset, 2005). An ICT solution selling a product to a customer on a certain date, and at a certain price, for example , is referred as transacted data. Master data is mostly required when there are changes in a business, for instance when bringing in a new product and recording its actual sales, and when reporting and analyzing systems that provides information about the business. The transactional system ensures that every transaction is captured and updated as it occurs. This system is important in that it promotes reliability on the order management system and ensures that all relevant information is truthfully documented. In the reporting or analytic system, master data is derived from the dimensions within which metrics are organized, rather than on the existing facts such as revenue, profits and costs. Master data is important in reporting the performance of a business as they rely on information from multiple systems. In American express, master data can be integrated using Microsoft SQL, which provides a full featured enterprise in the data integration platform. This is essential in the cre ation, organization and management of comprehensive data assets across enterprises that use the Master Data Management system. Master data can also be integrated through data transformation, and in such a way that the system can process and still distribute records to specific systems and applications (Vitt, Luckevich Misner, 2005). References Baca, M. (2008). Introduction to metadata. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Research Institute.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Company Metadata and Master Data Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Morris, H. Vesset, D. (2005). Managing Master Data for Business Performance Management:The issues and Hyperion’s Solution. Retrieved from https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/middleware/bi-foundation/idc-whitepaper-managing-master-data-129545.pdf Vitt, E., Luckevich, M. Misner, S. (2005). Microsoft Business Intelligence: Making Better Decisions Faster. OH: Microsoft Pr ess.

Official and Nonofficial Nicknames of U.S. States

Official and Nonofficial Nicknames of U.S. States The United States has 50 named states; thats obvious. What isnt so obvious is the fact that every one of those states has a nickname (official or not)- or maybe even more than one. Some come out of the pages of history (Constitution State, Land of Lincoln), and some come from what grows there (Peach State, Spud State) or an identifying natural feature (Grand Canyon State). Some just make you want to go there (Sunshine State, Colorful Colorado, Land of Opportunity). Historical Nicknames To folks not living there, some of the nicknames might seem odd or mysterious. Or they might not be what you think. The Constitution State isnt where the U.S. Constitution was drafted (remember, that was in Philadelphia), but rather the nickname comes from the document with regulations for running towns put together in 1639 by three cities; it was called the   Fundamental Orders and is considered by some to be the first constitution written in the States. Theres plenty of debate there whether it constitutes a constitution, however. Wars come into play in Alabama, Maryland, and Tennessee. Yes, the yellowhammer is a bird, but pieces of yellow cloth on the Confederate soldiers uniforms resembled them, earning first the troops the nickname and then eventually the state. And the Old Line refers to the steadfast Maryland troops from the era of the American Revolution. Tennessee soldiers who volunteered during the Mexican-American War (not the War of 1812) earned them their states nickname. Also from the colonial era, the Tar Heel nickname comes from the fact that North Carolina pine trees were harvested to make tar, pitch, and turpentine, used in wooden naval shipbuilding. The messy job ended up with workers inevitably finding the sticky substance on their feet, hence the name.   In 1889 in Oklahoma, settlers poured in to stake land claims. Those who came in early, before the specified time, were called Sooners. The territory became a state in 1907. State Nicknames Heres a listing of the often colorful nicknames of the 50 states. When a state has multiple nicknames, the official or most common state nickname is listed first. Alabama: Yellowhammer State, Heart of Dixie, Camellia State Alaska: The Last Frontier Arizona: Grand Canyon State, Copper State Arkansas: The Natural State, Land of Opportunity, The Razorback State California: Golden State Colorado: Centennial State, Colorful Colorado Connecticut: Constitution State, Nutmeg State Delaware: First State, Diamond State, Blue Hen State, Small Wonder Florida: Sunshine State Georgia: Peach State, Empire of the South, Goober State Hawaii:  Aloha State, Pineapple State Idaho: Gem State, Spud State Illinois: Prairie State, Land of Lincoln Indiana: Hoosier State Iowa: Hawkeye State Kansas: Sunflower State, Salt of the Earth Kentucky: Bluegrass State Louisiana: Pelican State, Sugar State Maine: Pine Tree State Maryland: Old Line State, Free State Massachusetts: Bay State, Old Colony State Michigan: Great Lakes State, Wolverine State Minnesota: North Star State, Gopher State, Land of 10,000 Lakes, Bread and Butter State Mississippi: Magnolia State Missouri: Show Me State Montana: Treasure State, Big Sky State Nebraska: Cornhusker State Nevada: Silver State, Battle Born State, Sagebrush State New Hampshire: Granite State New Jersey: Garden State New Mexico: Land of Enchantment New York: Empire State North Carolina: Tar Heel State, Old North State North Dakota: Peace Garden State, Flickertail State, Roughrider State Ohio: Buckeye State, Modern Mother of Presidents Oklahoma: Sooner State, Panhandle State Oregon: Beaver State Pennsylvania: Keystone State, Quaker State Rhode Island: Ocean State, Little Rhody South Carolina: Palmetto State South Dakota: Coyote State, Mount Rushmore State Tennessee: Volunteer State, Big Bend State Texas: Lone Star State Utah: Beehive State Vermont: Green Mountain State Virginia: Old Dominion Washington: Evergreen State, Chinook State West Virginia: Mountain State Wisconsin: Badger State Wyoming: Equality State, Cowboy State

Performance and Human Resource Development Essay

Performance and Human Resource Development - Essay Example Performance management is a process that starts with hiring and continues year after year through planning, task assignment and review, performance evaluation, assessment of potential and recognition. It is a method through which management plans and executes strategy in the most effective way. The aspects that distinguish this process are: †¢Ã‚  PLANNING – Work is planned, keeping in mind objectives of the organization, and goals are set for the teams as well as individuals. A vital part of performance management, it can be made more effective with active participation of the personnel who will be responsible for execution of the plan. †¢Ã‚  MONITIORING – Progress on all activities, assignments and projects is regularly monitored. This takes into account individual and group capability, workload and division of work. Keeping track of trends and corrective action based on progress and employee feedback, norms this part. †¢Ã‚  DEVELOPING – Entails development of skills of employees to enhance their abilities to perform through education and training in existing areas and acquisition of new skills. It also involves simplification and improvement of work processes and methods productivity while simultaneously creating a motivating atmosphere at the workplace. †¢Ã‚  MOTIVATING – Keeping the morale of the employees up and motivating them to perform the given tasks with enthusiasm, care and diligence. The provision of good and friendly working atmosphere, unbiased and fair handling (perceived and actual) of all situations., maintaining good discipline, timely feedback and empowerment are some of the tools used.RATING – Is used for summarizing employees’ performance, it allows for comparison of the performance of the employee over time as well as with other employees. Performance appraisal in a structured manner helps in rating of employees to identify high performers and those who need further inputs to help them achieve targets set. REWARING – Appreciation of good performance and censure of poor performance form this part of the process. Appreciation and censure may take many forms like formal positive reception, salary hikes, promotions, lateral multitasking, demotions and outright termination of employment.Management of performance of employees thus forms the core of efficient and competent organizations. Goals are set and work planned out in detail with time frames established usually with the involvement of the individuals and groups concerned, standards are set while keeping in view skills required and capabilities of the individuals assigned to meet them.Performance AppraisalPerformance assessment or appraisal is a process of audit of the effectiveness of each employee. It may be viewed as a contract between the organization and the employee explicitly

Fiduciary duties and acquisition Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fiduciary duties and acquisition - Case Study Example The outstanding securities in the company are also an important factor to take into consideration. What is the condition and classification of these securities? It is clear to note that the company is up for sale for the purpose of fiduciary duties. One of the most important aspects to note about the company’s history is the fact that the company has been growing. In the event the managers should think about the option of sale, they will be giving up on a good investment. The company has been growing to new heights every other year. This is evident from the stock market and the prices of shares. The growth rate of the company stands out with regards to the market and the internal relations. The firm has instituted an educational program for their employees that seek to address important issues with regards to the manner in which they conduct business and relate with other clients. Growth is one of the areas that display the company’s strengths. Through growth, the compa ny has been able to establish a good market for its products as well as improving its stability. With regards to technology, the company has an extraordinary portfolio. The company’s competencies have been aligned alongside the needs of the customers. The company has a wide variety of customers and continues to increase its customer base through the provision of quality services. The applications provided for by the company range from cyberspace and undersea to outer space and improved military systems. Some of the services provided for by the company include global security, health information systems, missile defense systems, command and control systems, unmanned aerial vehicles, advanced radar systems, large scale intelligence information systems, civil government and public safety information systems, high energy laser systems, and satellites for a wide variety of missions. Through these services, the organization has been able to establish one of the largest client bases through an extensive market. This provides for the growth of the company as well expansion of the operations being conducted by the company. One of the strengths of the company is the manner with which it addresses future expansion. The company is defining future systems through assessing their underlying technologies. The company is focused on addressing the next generation security needs. Through innovation, the company has been able to work on improving their current aerial systems. The company is working towards the development of the future generation of secure and unmanned aerial systems. These advancements are also focused on the establishment of the long range bombers and the space radar systems. The company can be able to shift the course of the organization through preventing the hostile offer. The hostile offer is concerned with the acquisition of the company through the cash considerations. The relationship that has been established between the company and its clients i s also important in the analysis. The company has set up various ways through which the clients are able to communicate with the company’s administration. The company has also ensured that relevant measures are taken to ensure that communication within the different departments and divisions is made efficient. The relationship between the employees and the employer is maintained at high standards. This ensures that the management has an easy time managing

IP Addresses Classes and Special-Use IP Address Space Essay Example for Free

IP Addresses Classes and Special-Use IP Address Space Essay IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) assigned Internet Protocol Address to the vendors. Internet Protocol version four divided by five structure classes. The five structure classes are A, B, C, D, and E classes. What are the historical signification for classes A, B, and C? What are the address spaces for each class? What are RFC 1918 Internet Protocol address ranges and its special use? The first three classes (A, B, C) are mainly for public use, and the last two classes (D and E) are for experimental and reserved for multicast. The first octet in the Internet Protocol Address determines its structure class. Class A addresses are ranges from one to one hundred and twenty-six in the first octet. Class B addresses are ranges from one hundred twenty-eight to one hundred and ninety-one in the first octet. Class C addresses are ranges from one hundred and ninety-two to two hundred and twenty-three in the first octet. Class D addresses are ranges from two hundreds and twenty-four to two hundred and thirty-nine in the first octet. Finally, class D addresses are ranges from two hundred and forty to two hundred and fifty in the first octet. Class A Internet Protocol addresses are reversed for a few large organizations. The network identifiers in class A are the remaining seven bits of the first octet. Class A addresses are available up to sixteen millions host addresses. Class B addresses are for medium sized enterprise. The first two octets (16 bits) in class B Internet Protocol addresses are for network addresses. The last two octets (16 bits) in class B are for the host addresses. Class B addresses has more than 65,000 networks. Class C Internet Protocol addresses are commonly found networks in the internet. Class C Internet Protocol are private addresses. The first three octets (twenty-one bits) in class C addresses are for network addresses. The last octets (eight bits) in Class C address are for host identifiers. There are more than sixteen millions network addresses in Class C Internet Protocol. Class D Internet Protocol addresses are for multicasting and is not for general use. Class D addresses are not used for public.

Pre-speech Thought :: essays research papers

Speech is defined as the use of audible words and/or sounds to communicate. But doesn’t it involve much more? This is where what I call pre-speech thoughts comes into play. In any normal person, much thought goes into what they say or do, since very rarely do people talk just to communicate. People talk with a given motive in mind, be it to obtain, impress, or to pass time. However, when people speak, they prepare themselves ahead of time within their mind. They prepare their phrases, predict what the other person would say or how they would respond, and prepare answers or phrases in a way fitting each of the predicted responses the other person could have, all before the speaking even begins. Take the following example into mind: A boy sees a girl who is attractive to him and of course would like to speak to, and perhaps, court her. Through his head run many phrases that he has perhaps heard elsewhere or formulated on his own. Before even approaching her he plans his actions: will he say â€Å"hi†, â€Å"hello†, â€Å"what’s up†, or a similar greeting. He then decides whether or not he will continue the action and follow up with a way to connect with the girl in some way with a phrase such as â€Å"My name is [ ] what’s your name?† or â€Å"Do you come here often?† The boy predicts her answers and formulates responses accordingly. If she says, â€Å"Yes, I come here all the time,† he will say â€Å"Really, me too, but I haven’t seen you here before.† But if she says â€Å"No, not really,† he will say â€Å"Oh, are you from around here?† or a similar response. He will then plan to try to find a connection, and given her respons e, he will try to expand on it. For example, is she says â€Å"yes†, he might ask, â€Å"Do you live close?† and try to expand on that phrase in engage in conversation. All this occurs before he even approaches the girl, although some people might plan to different levels, all people do indeed plan. If he knew the girl came to the same place every weekend, he might plan for days without knowing it. I don’t mean in an obsessive way, but in a nonchalant way, just a few days before the weekend. He might even subconsciously prepare physically for the meeting by â€Å"dressing up† or putting on his favorite cologne in order to be more presentable or simply to impress.

Brand Development

Question: Analyze ESPN according to the brand development strategies from the text. What have they done in the past? What would you recommend to ESPN for future brand development? Discussion: Brand development in the past has consisted of creating new and exciting ways to bring the latest sporting events. A company has four choices when it comes to developing brands. It can introduce line extensions, brand extensions, multi brands, or new brands.Line extensions occur when a company extends existing brand names to new forms, colors, sizes, ingredients, or flavors of an existing product category. A company might introduce line extensions as a low-cost, low-risk way to introduce new products. Or it might want to meet consumer desires for variety, use excess capacity, or simply command more shelf space from resellers. However, line extensions involve some risks. An overextended brand name might lose some of its specific meaning.Or heavily extended brands can cause consumer confusion or f rustration. A brand extension extends a current brand name to new or modified products in a new category. A brand extension gives a new product instant recognition and faster acceptance. It also saves the high advertising costs usually required to build a new brand name. At the same time, a brand extension strategy involves some risk. Now for ESPN. ESPN loves its name. It puts it name on everything. ESPN The Magazine. ESPN2. ESPN News. The ESPN Zone.To a degree it is fine, as long as it stays within the bounds of extending ESPN's core value: getting sports into every ounce of your life. ESPN The Magazine is the only one that isn't worhty of the ESPN headliner. They should have named it something else. It's not up to the minute, so it isn't consistent with everything else ESPN promotes. Anyways, ESPN Mobile fits the bill. Every sports fan has been stranded to some degree without being able to access sports info they needed to have. And die hard sports fans NEED their info.The concept of the insane amount of sports data being pumped over that network is mind blowing. What is also mind blowing is that for what it is, its restrictive. Today, I don't see the ESPN phone in a family plan or the Mobile ESPN service being offered through standard phone outlets. If Dad or Junior could get a Samsung on Verizon's network featuring Mobile ESPN? Done and done. And with the move to converged handsets, I see the market for Mobile ESPN as single guys with 40 hour-per-week blue collar jobs who like to watch football at the bar.If that's the segment they are targeting, good for them. Love the concept, just wish it fit my profile a little better. The middle class loves the family plans because they don't have to spend twice as much to get the core function of a phone: the phone. For the small service business: stay focused on what makes your name valuable. If you absolutely need to get into a new business opportunity. Sleep on it. If you still must get in, you need a new name for that new business!!!! Nothing dilutes a brand like the jack of all trades.

Google Analytics

Urchin on Demand, a web statistics analysis program developed by urchin Software Corporation, was used as a basis for developing Google Analytics when Google acquired Urchin Software Corporation in April 2005. This program provides powerful tracking tools for anyone with a web presence. The Customized Reporting tool can help analysts save time by allowing them to organize and present information based on specific metrics and variables Instead of slating through large amounts of data to mind specific Information. These variables allow you to collect unique data that Is most important to your business.These reports can be constructed in ways to make it easy to understand. Also included in this tool are custom alerts that will alert an individual on significant changes in data patterns or when customized thresholds are reached. The Advertising Return on Investment tool track financial goals by tracking sales and revenue and measuring them against the advertising costs. This tool is used in conjunction with two other products – Towards and Decades. Towards is a â€Å"cost-per- click† and site-targeted advertising program for banner, text, and media ads.This model of advertising Is used to direct traffic to specific websites, where the advertiser would pay the publisher of the advertisement each time the ad is clicked by a visitor. Decades Is a salary advertising program, mainly used by website publishers of all sizes to create and place targeted Google advertisements that are often relevant to the website being visited. Decades also lets the website owner provide Google search o site users, while allowing them to earn money by displaying Google Ads on the search results pages.The Sharing and Communication tool will allow you schedule or send unplanned personalized report emails that contain information that you want to share. Administrative controls are integrated to manage how sensitive data is dispensed and which reports and announcements are availa ble to users on your account. Google Analytics provides a tool that will allow an individual to visualize data being analyzed in a schematic form by way of motion charts, graphs, score cards, and there graphical methods In order to identify trends, patterns, and other comparisons.Funnels provide a way of visualizing how efficient the pages on an individual's website can â€Å"funnel† or direct visitors to the business owner's goal. It will Identify which pages result In higher drop-off rates of visitors. The pages Identified for higher drop-off rates can be analyzed to identify the cause of the drop-off in website traffic an metal to more inclemently slut ten needs AT tenet potential customers. Cross Channel and Multimedia Tracking methods allow you to track mobile websites, bile applications, web-enabled mobile devices, flash, social networking, and web 2. Applications. The internal site search function helps you identify with customer's needs in order to speed up the time t o conversion. Google Analytics will provide a business owner with the confidence to make sound business decisions about their web-based business that can be measured by hard data. This data can be used to ensure that an owner can make the proper adjustments to their business as website traffic is analyzed and the needs of their customers are identified in order to examine profits and minimize advertising costs. Google Analytics Urchin on Demand, a web statistics analysis program developed by urchin Software Corporation, was used as a basis for developing Google Analytics when Google acquired Urchin Software Corporation in April 2005. This program provides powerful tracking tools for anyone with a web presence. The Customized Reporting tool can help analysts save time by allowing them to organize and present information based on specific metrics and variables Instead of slating through large amounts of data to mind specific Information. These variables allow you to collect unique data that Is most important to your business.These reports can be constructed in ways to make it easy to understand. Also included in this tool are custom alerts that will alert an individual on significant changes in data patterns or when customized thresholds are reached. The Advertising Return on Investment tool track financial goals by tracking sales and revenue and measuring them against the advertising costs. This tool is used in conjunction with two other products – Towards and Decades. Towards is a â€Å"cost-per- click† and site-targeted advertising program for banner, text, and media ads.This model of advertising Is used to direct traffic to specific websites, where the advertiser would pay the publisher of the advertisement each time the ad is clicked by a visitor. Decades Is a salary advertising program, mainly used by website publishers of all sizes to create and place targeted Google advertisements that are often relevant to the website being visited. Decades also lets the website owner provide Google search o site users, while allowing them to earn money by displaying Google Ads on the search results pages.The Sharing and Communication tool will allow you schedule or send unplanned personalized report emails that contain information that you want to share. Administrative controls are integrated to manage how sensitive data is dispensed and which reports and announcements are availa ble to users on your account. Google Analytics provides a tool that will allow an individual to visualize data being analyzed in a schematic form by way of motion charts, graphs, score cards, and there graphical methods In order to identify trends, patterns, and other comparisons.Funnels provide a way of visualizing how efficient the pages on an individual's website can â€Å"funnel† or direct visitors to the business owner's goal. It will Identify which pages result In higher drop-off rates of visitors. The pages Identified for higher drop-off rates can be analyzed to identify the cause of the drop-off in website traffic an metal to more inclemently slut ten needs AT tenet potential customers. Cross Channel and Multimedia Tracking methods allow you to track mobile websites, bile applications, web-enabled mobile devices, flash, social networking, and web 2. Applications. The internal site search function helps you identify with customer's needs in order to speed up the time t o conversion. Google Analytics will provide a business owner with the confidence to make sound business decisions about their web-based business that can be measured by hard data. This data can be used to ensure that an owner can make the proper adjustments to their business as website traffic is analyzed and the needs of their customers are identified in order to examine profits and minimize advertising costs.

Free Essays on A Racial Analysis Of Capital Punishment

A Racial Analysis of Capital Punishment In simple terms, â€Å"capital punishment is the lawful taking of a person’s life after conviction for a crime† (Flander, 3). In an historical aspect, capital punishment traces as far back as the earliest times of Western Civilization. The first criminal laws were the practice of personal justice. Stephen Flanders writes in his book Capital Punishment: â€Å"the infliction of death for purpose of retribution has been a facet of human existence since earliest times. Even before the emergence of organized societies, individuals killed to avenge wrongs done to them and their families. There was no code that specified wrongful conduct or penalties such behavior would incur† (4). The earliest recorded sets of laws were known to Western society as the Babylonian Hammurabi code. It decreed the death penalty for crimes as minor as the fraudulent sale of beer. Egyptians were also killed for disclosing sacred burial places and for the theft of valuable heirlooms (Flander, 5). â€Å"Historically, one of the reasons societies had relied so heavily on the death penalty was that other punishment options did not exist† (Flander, 6). As more organized social structures developed, crimes were divided into public and private offenses. Public offenses, such as witchcraft and blasphemy, were punished by the state while private offenses still were answered by acts of personal retribution (Flander, 4). The debate over this issue continues to be questioned in both the courts and the congress. Debate about the death penalty usually turns on by issues of fairness, morality, and effectiveness; another important point bought up among many is the topic of taxpayer’s money (Costanzo, 59). People who oppose of capital punishment believe that the death penalty is unfair. When the issue of fairness is debated the question asked most often: â€Å"is the death penalty racist? â€Å"The statistics show that blacks who ... Free Essays on A Racial Analysis Of Capital Punishment Free Essays on A Racial Analysis Of Capital Punishment A Racial Analysis of Capital Punishment In simple terms, â€Å"capital punishment is the lawful taking of a person’s life after conviction for a crime† (Flander, 3). In an historical aspect, capital punishment traces as far back as the earliest times of Western Civilization. The first criminal laws were the practice of personal justice. Stephen Flanders writes in his book Capital Punishment: â€Å"the infliction of death for purpose of retribution has been a facet of human existence since earliest times. Even before the emergence of organized societies, individuals killed to avenge wrongs done to them and their families. There was no code that specified wrongful conduct or penalties such behavior would incur† (4). The earliest recorded sets of laws were known to Western society as the Babylonian Hammurabi code. It decreed the death penalty for crimes as minor as the fraudulent sale of beer. Egyptians were also killed for disclosing sacred burial places and for the theft of valuable heirlooms (Flander , 5). â€Å"Historically, one of the reasons societies had relied so heavily on the death penalty was that other punishment options did not exist† (Flander, 6). As more organized social structures developed, crimes were divided into public and private offenses. Public offenses, such as witchcraft and blasphemy, were punished by the state while private offenses still were answered by acts of personal retribution (Flander, 4). The debate over this issue continues to be questioned in both the courts and the congress. Debate about the death penalty usually turns on by issues of fairness, morality, and effectiveness; another important point bought up among many is the topic of taxpayer’s money (Costanzo, 59). People who oppose of capital punishment believe that the death penalty is unfair. When the issue of fairness is debated the question asked most often: â€Å"is the death penalty racist? â€Å"The statistics show that blacks who ...

Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)

Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940) Can the government require people to get a special license in order to spread their religious message or promote their religious beliefs in residential neighborhoods? That used to be common, but it was challenged by Jehovahs Witnesses who argued that the government didnt have the authority to impose such restrictions on people. Fast Facts: Cantwell v. Connecticut Case Argued: March 29, 1940Decision Issued: May 20, 1940Petitioner: Newton D. Cantwell, Jesse L. Cantwell, and Russell D. Cantwell, Jehovahs Witnesses proselytizing in a predominantly Catholic neighborhood in Connecticut, who were arrested and convicted under a Connecticut statute banning the unlicensed soliciting of funds for religious or charitable purposesRespondent: The state of ConnecticutKey Question: Did the Cantwells’ convictions violate the First Amendment?  Majority Decision: Justices Hughes, McReynolds, Stone, Roberts, Black, Reed, Frankfurter, Douglas, MurphyDissenting: NoneRuling: The Supreme Court ruled that statute requiring a license to solicit for religious purposes constituted a prior restraint upon speech violating the First Amendments guarantee of free speech as well as the First and 14th Amendments guarantee of the right to the free exercise of religion. Background Information Newton Cantwell and his two sons traveled to New Haven, Connecticut, in order to promote their message as Jehovahs Witnesses. In New Haven, a statute required that anyone wishing to solicit funds or distribute materials had to apply for a license - if the official in charge found that they were a bona fide charity or religious, then a license would be granted. Otherwise, a license was denied. The Cantwells did not apply for a license because, in their opinion, the government was in no position to certify Witnesses as a religion - such a decision was simply outside the governments secular authority. As a result they were were convicted under a statute which forbade the unlicensed soliciting of funds for religious or charitable purposes, and also under a general charge of breach of the peace because they had been going door-to-door with books and pamphlets in a predominantly Roman Catholic area, playing a record entitled Enemies which attacked Catholicism. Cantwell alleged that the statute they had been convicted under infringed upon their right to free speech and challenged it in the courts. Court Decision With Justice Roberts writing the majority opinion, the Supreme Court found that statutes requiring a license to solicit for religious purposes constituted a prior restraint upon speech and gave the government too much power in determining which groups were permitted to solicit. The officer who issued licenses for solicitation was authorized to inquire whether the applicant did have a religious cause and to decline a license if in his view the cause was not religious, which gave government officials too much authority over religious questions. Such a censorship of religion as the means of determining its right to survive is a denial of liberty protected by the First Amendment and included in the liberty which is within the protection of the Fourteenth. Even if an error by the secretary can be corrected by the courts, the process still serves as an unconstitutional prior restraint: To condition the solicitation of aid for the perpetuation of religious views or systems upon a license, the grant of which rests in the exercise of a determination by state authority as to what is a religious cause, is to lay a forbidden burden upon the exercise of liberty protected by the Constitution. The breach of the peace accusation arose because the three accosted two Catholics in a strongly Catholic neighborhood and played them a phonograph record which, in their opinion, insulted the Christian religion in general and the Catholic Church in particular. The Court voided this conviction under the clear-and-present danger test, ruling that the interest sought to be upheld by the State did not justify the suppression of religious views that simply annoyed others. Cantwell and his sons may have been spreading a message that was unwelcome and disturbing, but they did not physically attack anyone. According to the Court, the Cantwells simply did not pose a threat to public order merely by spreading their message: In the realm of religious faith, and in that of political belief, sharp differences arise. In both fields the tenets of one man may seem the rankest error to his neighbor. To persuade others to his own point of view, the pleader, as we know, at times, resorts to exaggeration, to vilification of men who have been, or are, prominent in church or state, and even to false statement. But the people of this nation have ordained in the light of history, that, in spite of the probabilities of excesses and abuses, these liberties are in the long view, essential to enlightened opinion and right conduct on the part of the citizens of a democracy. Significance This judgment prohibited governments from creating special requirements for people spreading religious ideas and sharing a message in an unfriendly environment because such speech acts do not automatically represent a threat to public order. This decision was also notable because it was the first time that the Court had incorporated the Free Exercise Clause into the Fourteenth Amendment - and after this case, it always has.

Aircrafts Maintenance - A Commercial and Public Essential Annotated Bibliography

Aircrafts Maintenance - A Commercial and Public Essential - Annotated Bibliography Example The demand for its services, as with most transport, is a derived one that is driven by the needs and desires to attain some other, final objective. Air transport can facilitate, for example, in the economic development of a region or of a particular industry such as tourism, but there has to be a latent demand for the goods and services offered by a region or by an industry.† Since all major business operation, conducted an international scale by the multinational organizations require air traveling, the safety and protection of the crew and passengers is a matter of grave concern for the airline industry. Consequently, the companies pay due heed to the reparation and overhauling procedure on regular basis in order to ensure a safe journey on the one hand, and for minimizing the maintenance expenditures on the other. â€Å"Aircraft maintenance†, CAA states, â€Å"is an essential component of the aviation system which supports the global aviation industry. As air traffi c grows and the stringent requirements of commercial schedules impose increased demands upon aircraft utilization, the pressures on maintenance operations for on-time performance will also continue to escalate.† This annotated bibliography consists of five pieces of research on the need and significance of aircraft overhauling on regular basis in order to avoid any unpleasant and untoward state of affairs during the flight. First research has been made by Samaranyake et al in 2002, in which they have elaborated the importance of the structure and design of aircraft in the overhauling and reparation procedures. To conclude, it becomes evident that all the researches discussed above throw light upon the maintenance, reparation and overhauling systems of the aircrafts.  

NETWORK ASSIGNMENT ABOUT 802.1D Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

NETWORK ABOUT 802.1D - Assignment Example The bridged MAC functions beneath the service boundary of the MAC, as it is visible to operational protocols after the boundary i.e. logical link control that is considered to be a partial layer or network layer (2). The existence of more than one MAC bridges will make a difference in Quality of Service (QoS) that is provisioned by the sub layer of MAC, as these configurations for operation of the MAC Bridge are not fully visible (4). Likewise, a local area network that is set to a bridged mode will provide (3): The end users or the end systems receiving MAC service are connected to a bridged local area network that is in a connection less mode (5). The MAC service is mentioned in the ISO 15802-1 standard, as it is considered to be an abstraction for the number of services and functionalities for a number of precise MAC services. Likewise, it labels the exchange of users from source to destination from MA-UNITDATA requests and at the same time corresponds with MA-UNITDATA for indicating primitives that are assigned from the MAC wireless access points. Every request pertaining to MA-UNITDATA and indicating primitives incorporates four parameters i.e. source address, destination address, Priority and MAC service data unit (MSDU). For enhancing the MAC service availability for the end users along with the management of network support, MAC bridges need the following configuration (5): A bridge is not accessible directly from communicating end users excluding end station that is utilized for management, as frames that are exchanged to the end users are tagged with the MAC address associated with peers along with address field of the destination, as MAC address of the bridge is not tagged. The Information that is filtered cannot be altered or customized by utilizing this technique. In order to avoid unauthorized access into network the connection will contradict service and abandon the provided